![]() However, it is difficult to identify one or a few environmental factors that regulate the synthesis of chemical compounds in plants. ![]() The variety of plant material quality is considered to be a consequence of environmental effects, reflecting the synthesis of specialized metabolites and plant adaptation to local conditions. Īchillea millefolium raw material is mainly derived from wild populations, which leads to the diversity and uncertainty of raw material specification requirements. Different polyphenolics have been identified, including hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, along with different flavonoids. Pharmacological efficiency in yarrow is mostly attributed to phenolic compounds and essential oils, the most important of which are caffeoylquinic acids, flavonoids, and sesquiterpene lactones, which contribute to the main multifunctional biological activity. millefolium are considered to be responsible for the curative properties and therapeutic applications of plant extracts. A wide variety of specialized metabolites of A. Achillea millefolium extracts have strong anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antifungal, antispasmodic, antibacterial, hypotensive, cardiovascular, bronchodilator, and analgesic effects. ![]() millefolium have been well documented in numerous clinical studies. ![]() Yarrow raw material ( Millefolii herba) is included in the European Pharmacopoeia and described by the European Medicines Agency as a traditional drug. Yarrow is one of the oldest medicinal plants and has been used in folk medicine for thousands of years its pollen was found in a 65,000-year-old of Homo neanderthalensis tomb in the Shanidar cave in Iraq. Moreover, chemical profiling of specialized metabolites in plants is the basis for further chemophenetic studies. In the identification of individual yarrow species, it is important for both collectors and processors to be aware of the potential quality of the raw material. In this regard, Turkey is the largest area of Achillea species, with 69 species identified that have adapted to a wide variety of habitats from desert and mountains to coastal regions. Achillea millefolium is common in central and northern Europe and sparsely found in southern Europe. s.l., commonly known as yarrow or milfoil, is a heterogeneous group of closely related taxa of perennial herbs widely distributed throughout the temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere. millefolium populations could be used as a tool to find potential collection sites for high-quality raw materials.Īchillea millefolium L. Our findings suggest that spatial geographical data on the distribution of phenolic compounds in A. Differences in accumulation of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids revealed several intraspecific groups within A. A significant correlation of individual phenolic compounds with latitude/longitude corresponded to their differences between two countries. ![]() The content of phenolic compounds in plant materials from northern latitudes was more than twice that of plants from southern latitudes. The PCA score plot model represented the quantitative distribution pattern of phenolic compounds along a geographical gradient of populations. Caffeoylquinic acids predominated in leaves, while inflorescences tended to prevail in flavonoids. A complex of nine hydroxycinnamic acids and eleven flavonoids was identified and quantified in the methanolic extracts of inflorescences, leaves, and stems using the HPLC-PDA method. Plant material was collected from Gaziantep and Nevşehir provinces in Turkey and from wild populations in Lithuania. The aim of the study was to determine the accumulation differences of phenolic compounds between geographically distant populations of Achillea millefolium from northern and southern gradients. The traditional widely used raw material of Achillea millefolium is currently mainly derived from wild populations, leading to diversification and uncertainty in its quality. ![]()
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